The signs and causes of feline urinary problems and how to care for them at home

Changes in toileting habits are one of the clearest indicators that something isn’t right. While some signs may seem behavioural, many point to pain, discomfort or an underlying medical condition.

• Blood in the urine
• Straining or crying while urinating
• Frequent attempts to urinate, often passing only small amounts
• Repeated digging or pacing around the litter tray
• Urinating outside the litter tray
• Seeming withdrawn, irritable or unusually quiet
• Overgrooming the abdomen, genitals or hind legs
• Bald patches from persistent licking
• Signs that resemble constipation, such as repeated straining without result
• In severe cases, leaking or dripping urine while resting

All of these signs require prompt veterinary attention. Some may indicate a life-threatening emergency, especially in male cats.

A urethral obstruction occurs when the narrow urethra becomes blocked and urine is unable to leave the bladder. Because of their anatomical structure, male cats are more likely to experience this medical emergency. Their urethra is longer and narrower than that of females.

What causes blockages? They can be triggered by a combination of factors, including small stones, urinary crystals, blood clots or plugs made of mucus and cellular debris. In some cases, the urethra spasms or narrows in response to pain or previous inflammation, which can worsen or even cause an obstruction.

A cat with a blockage will often strain in the litter tray but pass little or no urine. Some cry out in pain or go back and forth to the tray without relief. As things progress, they may become quiet, stop eating, vomit or seem generally off. When urine can’t pass, waste and toxins build up in the body quickly and then start to affect the kidneys and other organs.

As mentioned, this is a medical emergency. Without urgent veterinary care, urethral obstruction often leads to kidney damage, bladder rupture and death within 24 to 48 hours. If you think your cat may be blocked, don’t wait — have them checked by a vet as soon as possible.

A cat’s environment plays a significant role in their urinary health. Stress can trigger or worsen issues, particularly in cats prone to FIC. Calm, secure surroundings support recovery and help reduce the chance of recurrence.

Cats feel safest when they have quiet, secure places to retreat to. Raised spots like shelves, cat trees and window seats give them space to rest without interruption. Litter trays should be kept clean and placed in calm areas of the home, with one per cat plus one extra. Outdoor access can also help reduce stress, as long as it’s safe and the cat is comfortable using it.

In multi-cat homes, conflict isn’t always obvious. One cat might quietly dominate another by blocking access to food, water or the litter tray. Give each cat their own space and separate resources. Keep things calm and predictable, and handle them in a way that doesn’t add tension.

To support autonomy, let your cat initiate contact and avoid handling them during periods of stress or illness. Cats prefer predictability, so keep feeding, play and interaction routines consistent. Puzzle feeders and gentle play offer useful mental stimulation. If conflict between pets continues, speak with your vet about behavioural support or further changes you can make at home.

Adequate hydration is essential in managing urinary issues. Water helps dilute the urine, reduce crystal formation and support overall bladder health. You can encourage your cat to drink more by offering it in different ways, such as wide ceramic bowls, tall glasses, pet fountains or water from plain cooked meat like unsalted chicken broth or tuna water.

If your cat requires a prescription urinary diet, introduce it slowly. Start by mixing a small amount with their usual, preferred food and increase gradually over several days. Switching meals while your cat is unwell or recovering from a blockage isn’t advisable, as reduced appetite is common and this could lead to food refusal.

It’s important to note that not all cats with urinary signs will need a prescription diet, and these diets should only be used under veterinary supervision. Depending on your cat’s condition and preferences, alternative options may be more suitable. Always speak with your vet before making changes.

While there are many underlying issues that can lead to urinary symptoms in cats, most will improve with the right treatment, supportive care and early intervention. Staying alert to changes and acting quickly gives your cat the best chance at recovery.

If your cat is showing signs of a urinary issue, Cat Specialist Services is here to help. Speak with your vet about a referral or get in touch with our friendly team.

For more practical advice on supporting your cat at home, download the urinary tract care.

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If you are concerned about your cat, please reach out to our friendly team. Call us on 1300 228 377 or fill out the contact form below. In an emergency, please contact your local vet.

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